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Richmond Sixteen
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Richmond Sixteen : ウィキペディア英語版
Richmond Sixteen

The Richmond Sixteen were a group of "absolutist" English conscientious objectors during the First World War. Conscripted into the British Army in 1916, they refused to undertake even non-combatant military duties. Brought together at Richmond Castle, Yorkshire, most not knowing each other previously, they were transported to France, where fifteen of them were court-martialled and formally sentenced to be shot by firing squad, but this sentence was immediately commuted to ten years' penal servitude. They were released in 1919.
==The sixteen men==

The group was made up of Quakers, Methodists, members of the Churches of Christ, International Bible Students (related to the present-day Jehovah's Witnesses), and socialists. They were:
Norman Gaudie, centre forward of Sunderland Football Club, from East Boldon; Alfred Matthew Martlew, a clerk at Rowntree's chocolate factory in York, originally from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire; Herbert (Bert) George and William (Billy) Edwin Law, brothers from Darlington; Alfred Myers, an ironstone miner from Carlin How;〔(Silence in castle to honour First World War conscientious objectors ) dated 25 June 2013 at thenorthernecho.co.uk, accessed 19 October 2014 (journalistic mixture of truth and inventions; e.g. the truth that the men witnessed their own sentencing to death is changed into the fiction that they were forced to witness unspecified deserters being executed. )〕 John Hubert (Bert) Brocklesby, schoolteacher and Methodist lay preacher, from Conisborough; Charles Ernest Cryer, from Cleveland; Robert Armstrong Lown, from Stansford, Ely; and eight men from Leeds: Clarence and Stafford Hall, brothers and International Bible Students; Clifford Cartwright, from the Churches of Christ; Charles Rowland Jackson; Leonard Renton, an International Bible Student; John William Routledge; Charles Herbert Senior, an International Bible Student; and Ernest Shillito Spencer.〔〔Will Ellsworth-Jones, ''We Will Not Fight: The Untold Story of the First World War's Conscientious Objectors'' (2007), pp. 111, 115, 151〕〔(God's Kingdom Rules Chapter 14 Paragraphs 4, 6 )〕

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